FREUND, PAUL ABRAHAM

FREUND, PAUL ABRAHAM (1908–1992), U.S. constitutional lawyer, educator, and author. Freund, who was born in St. Louis, Missouri, was appointed law clerk to Justice brandeis for the 1932–33 term of the U.S. Supreme Court, and served on the legal staffs of the Treasury Department and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1933–35), and was special assistant to the solicitor general (1934–39) and to the attorney general of the U.S. (1942–46). Freund lectured at the Harvard Law School from 1939 (named professor in 1940). He served as legal adviser to President Kennedy and to the State Department, and from 1957 as adviser to the American Law Institute on the drafting of the Restatement of the Conflict of Laws. A recognized authority on constitutional law, Freund believed that the U.S. Supreme Court in a federation has the responsibility of maintaining the supremacy of the Constitution and promoting the uniformity of law. He served as the president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cambridge, Massachusetts, from 1964 to 1967. His writings include On Understanding the Supreme Court (1949); The Supreme Court of the U.S. (1961); On Law and Justice (1968); Experimentation with Human Subjects (1970); and Constitutional Law: Cases and Other Problems (with A. Sutherland, 1977). (Julius J. Marcke)